ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750651318500154URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697501500082URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080445441500066URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128128862000021URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081001998500071URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128133101000101URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080439815500419URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857090775500025URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128126448000059URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080445441500583Heinz Heisler MSc., BSc., F.I.M.I., M.S.O.E., M.I.R.T.E., M.C.I.T., M.I.L.T., in ), the airstream over the top surface now has to move further and faster than the underneath air movement. The characteristic of different axial fans is illustrated in Not combined with extensive ductwork because they generate little pressure)Achieve maximum efficiency, near-free delivery, and are often used in rooftop ventilation applicationsCan generate flow in reverse direction, which is helpful in ventilation applicationsSuited for medium- to high-pressure applications (up to 500 mm WC), such as induced draft service for a boiler exhaustCan quickly accelerate to rated speed (because of a low rotating mass)Most energy-efficient (up to 85% if equipped with airfoil fans and small clearances)Higher pressures and better operating efficiencies than propeller fansCan quickly accelerate to rated speed (because of their low rotating mass) and generate flow in reverse direction, which is useful in many ventilation applicationsCreate sufficient pressure to overcome duct losses and are relatively space efficient, which is useful for exhaust applicationsBy comparison, a centrifugal or radial flow fan moves air perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
Aerodynamic resistance in both operation directions is basically identical.Pantographs using an independent double strip will be subject to different aerodynamic resistance and aerodynamic lift force in the front and rear strips. This produces a greater pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces and consequently greatly enhances the ) induces still more air to flow beneath the body with the downward curving entry gap shape producing a venturi effect.
By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Lift coefficient is illustrated in Fig. Historically, there have been a large number of studies and measurements of aerodynamic lift and the effect of different pantograph component design on lift. As for this theory, it is held that galloping is the structural resonance of transmission lines due to wind power under the condition of low damping. The 3D mean flow formulation is somewhat lengthy and will therefore not be given here. When specifying the required uplift performance of pantographs, it might seem appropriate to consider using the maximum train speed in conjunction with some allowance for a particular headwind speed. However, when trains enter tunnels, there can be a significant reversed airflow back from the tunnel towards the entry portal because of the air being displaced by the train.
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